The cancer and heart disease connection: What every patient should know.

3 Things you should know about cancer and the heart

The heart–cancer connection: Why cardio-oncology matters for long-term survival

Cancer and heart disease are closely connected through shared risk factors, treatment effects, and emerging technologies that help protect the heart during cancer care. Advances in cancer treatment mean more people survive cancer and live longer, shifting medical attention toward long-term complications such as cardiovascular damage. Physicians and researchers now recognise a complex two-way relationship between cancer and heart disease that extends beyond the side effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. According to cardiologist Joerg Herrmann of Mayo Clinic, lifestyle risks such as smoking, obesity, poor diet and inactivity contribute to both diseases simultaneously, forming what clinicians describe as a “web of risk factors”.

Modern oncology increasingly integrates cardiology expertise through the field of cardio-oncology, which focuses on preventing and managing heart damage linked to cancer therapies. Techniques such as targeted therapies, proton beam therapy, protective medications and improved radiation shielding now help reduce cardiovascular injury.

At the same time, researchers are exploring artificial intelligence, wearable monitoring devices and predictive tools to identify patients at risk before treatment begins. These developments allow doctors and patients to make better treatment decisions while protecting long-term heart health. Understanding this relationship is essential as cancer survival rates improve and millions of survivors worldwide face lifelong cardiovascular risks.

Key Takeaways

Cancer and cardiovascular disease share many lifestyle and biological risk factors.
Cancer treatments can affect heart health, requiring careful monitoring and prevention strategies.
Cardio-oncology integrates cardiology into cancer care to protect long-term heart function.
Artificial intelligence and wearable technology may enable earlier detection of heart damage.
Healthy lifestyle choices reduce risk for both cancer and heart disease.

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How cancer treatments and heart health intersect in modern medicine

As cancer therapies improve and increasingly achieve cures or recurring periods of remission, preventing and managing damage to organs from cancer treatment has become a top concern. That includes injury to the heart, says Joerg Herrmann, MD, a cardiologist and the founder and director of the Cardio-Oncology Clinic at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota.

As physicians and researchers work to prevent, diagnose and treat heart damage from cancer therapies, they also have learned about connections between cancer and the heart that go beyond the cardiac effects of cancer treatments. Dr. Herrmann shares three things to know:

There is a “web of risk factors”

Cancer and heart disease have common risk factors, Dr Herrmann says. Those include lifestyle habits.

“We call it the web of risk factors. Some of the very same lifestyle-related factors can set patients up for both cancer and cardiovascular disease,” he explains. “Smoking is a prime example. It increases the risk of lung and other cancers and coronary artery disease, heart attacks and peripheral artery disease.”

In addition to not smoking, you can reduce your risk of cancer and of heart disease by achieving a healthy weight; avoiding or moderating alcohol use; controlling cholesterol (some cancer treatments can worsen cholesterol levels); getting enough sleep; and adopting a healthy diet with fruit and vegetables, he adds.

Physical activity is another important factor. It has been shown to reduce heart damage risk during cancer treatment, help prevent cancer recurrence and improve cardiovascular outcomes, Dr. Herrmann says.

“The more elements of a healthy lifestyle you meet, the better your health projection is for the heart and cancer,” he says. “You will reduce the risks of two of the leading killers and increase life expectancy.”

Cancer and heart disease can actually be risk factors for each other.

“We’ve realized that the relationship between cancer and heart disease works in both directions,” Dr. Herrmann says. “Cancer itself can impact the cardiovascular system apart from cancer therapies, and vice versa. Patients with heart failure or other cardiovascular diseases have a higher risk of cancer.”

A variety of things may be done during cancer treatment to reduce risk to the heart.

Which treatments are given and how can affect the risk of heart damage, Dr. Herrmann says. For example, the medical team may:

Use treatments that minimize harm to healthy tissue, such as targeted therapies or proton beam therapy.
Stagger certain chemotherapy drugs to give the heart a chance to heal between treatments.
Use medications that protect the heart during chemotherapy.
Use techniques to shield healthy tissue during radiation therapy, such as body positioning and breath-holding to provide greater separation between the tumor and the heart.

“These shielding efforts have come a long way for adults and children who have cancer,” he says.

Artificial intelligence and wearables are promising innovations.

The goals of Dr Herrmann’s research including developing tools that predict – before treatment – who is at high risk of heart damage from certain cancer therapies. This would enable shared decision making among patients and their care teams about the approach to treatment.

He and his colleagues are also working on therapies to mend hearts broken by chemotherapy and to develop easier and more cost-effective surveillance strategies for cardiovascular side effects of cancer therapies. Early detection and intervention are likely to lead to the best outcomes, Dr Herrmann says.

The use of wearables and artificial intelligence (AI) can help, he says. Research has found, for example, that applying AI to an electrocardiogram, a test that measures the heart’s electrical activity, may help detect a decline in heart function.

“We’re interested in going further with AI technologies and developing simulations to show how different therapies would affect a given patient,” Dr Herrmann says.

Some patients remain at risk of heart disease for a lifetime after cancer treatment, but it’s impractical to do echocardiograms to look at the heart for the rest of their lives. Wearables to alert cancer survivors and their care teams to cardiac abnormalities are another promising area of research, he says.

“We’ve come a long way in cardio-oncology. We have a much better understanding of what we can do to manage heart risk from cancer therapies,” Dr Herrmann says. “Patients are in much better place now than they were even 10 years ago.“

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About Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organisation committed to innovation in clinical practice, education and research, and providing compassion, expertise and answers to everyone who needs healing. Visit the Mayo Clinic News Network for additional Mayo Clinic news.

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